Massive Ancient Sea Turtle Discovered in Spain was Nearly the Size of a Car

Paleontologists in Spain believe they unearthed a new prehistoric sea turtle species that may be among the largest ever, according to research published last week in the peer-reviewed journal Scientific Reports.

Researchers at the Autonomous University of Barcelona analyzed the pelvis bone and posterior part of the shell recovered from the Pyrenees mountain region in northeastern Spain in 2016 and 2021, and determined the turtle was about 12 feet long (just smaller than the average sedan ), according to a news release on the study.

A hiker traversing the Pyrenees in 2016 stumbled upon part of the fossil. He called the local authorities who recovered the fossil and transferred it to a local museum, where it sat for years until 2021, according to Albert Sellés, a researcher with the university’s Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology.

That’s when researchers decided to examine the fossil further, Sellés said.

Paleontologists returned to the site where the fossil was found in early 2021 and unearthed another piece of the fossil, according to Sellés.

Sellés, who co-authored the study, said the team began comparing newly discovered remains to other giant ancient sea turtles in the fossil record like Archelon and Protostega , both of which roamed the waters near North America and were the best potential matches. But the fossils had distinct features. Its shell was different, as was its pelvis.

“That’s when we realized that what we had before us was something different,” Sellés told USA TODAY Tuesday.

An ancient treasure trove: Looking back at the King Tut tomb discovery 100 years later

The newly discovered turtle is slightly smaller than the extinct Archelon. The world’s largest known prehistoric sea turtle, Archelon could grow to be up to 15 feet long and weigh as much as 3.5 tons, according to the news release.

Still, they were looking at the largest turtle ever found in Europe, Sellés said. The new species, Leviathanochelys aenigmatica, lived 72.1 to 83.6 million years ago during the Campanian Age, when much of modern-day Europe was underwater, the researcher say.

Sellés and his colleagues could glean relatively little about the giant turtle’s lifestyle with such incomplete remains. But they were able to identify some quirks in its physiology.

The pelvis, for example, has two protruding sections that Sellés hypothesizes could have allowed the turtle to compress its stomach area to expel air from its body and descend into deeper waters.

Hairy snail?: An ancient hairy snail was discovered in 99-million-year-old amber from the Mesozoic era

Leviathanochelys aenigmatica’s very existence also complicates previous understanding about the evolution of large sea turtles because it shows other species of ancient sea turtle could achieve a massive size.

“The evolution of turtles’ sizes is more complex than what he had thought up to this point,” Sellés said. “It was always thought that large sea turtles belonged to the Archelon and Protostega groups. Now it doesn’t seem so.”

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: Massive ancient sea turtle discovered in Spain was nearly the size of a car, researchers say

An Invaluable Herbal Grimoire Reference Guide

By Graphia, The Wordsmith Witch

No matter what your spiritual path looks like, every Witch can benefit from possessing a thorough, comprehensive Herbal Grimoire. Many practitioners include such contents as a guide for the magical correspondences of different herbs, a list of various herbal substitutions for spellcrafting, and last, but not least – a reference section that lists commonly found baneful herbs and their toxicity levels.

Photo by Skitterphoto on Pexels.com

This herb correspondence chart is the culmination of years of research. We hope this reference guide will help you to understand the magical properties of herbs, roots, flowers, barks and resins. It is our goal to provide others with accurate sources of information to enrich their lives and their Craft. What are some ways you can implement the information in the following guide into your own practice?  Click on the link below to view the chart.

Herbal Grimoire

November 21 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

164 BC During Maccabbean revolt Judas Maccabaeus recaptures Jersusalem and rededicates the Second Temple, commemorated since as Jewish festival Hanukkah

1818 Russia’s Tsar Alexander I petitions for a Jewish state in Palestine

1906 China prohibits the opium trade

1970 General Hafez al-Assad becomes Prime Minister of Syria following a military coup

1971 Battle of Garibpur: Indian troops aided by the Mukti Bahini, Bengali guerrillas, defeat the army of Pakistan

2017 Robert Mugabe‘s resignation after 37 years in power is read out in Zimbabwe’s parliaments during impeachment proceedings

Today’s Historical Events

164 BC During Maccabbean revolt Judas Maccabaeus recaptures Jersusalem and rededicates the Second Temple, commemorated since as Jewish festival Hanukkah

235 St Anterus begins his reign as Catholic Pope, will only rule for 40 days

695 Pope Sergius names Willibrord as Archbishop Clemens of Friezen

1272 Following Henry III of England’s death on November 16, his son Prince Edward becomes King of England.

1317 Frederik of Sierck/Zyrick becomes bishop of Utrecht

1654 Richard Johnson, a free black, granted 550 acres in Virginia

1696 J Vanbrughe’s “Relapse or Virtue in Danger” premieres in London

1729 Netherlands signs Treaty of Seville

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1920 Silent film “The Last of the Mohicans” released, adapted from James Fenimore Cooper‘s novel, starring Wallace Beery, Barbara Bedford

1931 Horror film “Frankenstein” is released, starring Boris Karloff as the monster, directed by James Whale and based on Mary Shelley‘s 1818 novel “Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus”

1946 “The Best Years of Our Lives”, film directed by William Wyler, based on MacKinlay Kantor’s novella Glory for Me, starring Myrna Loy and Fredric March, is released (Academy Awards Best Picture 1947)

1947 Bill Longson beats Lou Thesz in St Louis, to win National Wrestlingg Association world heavyweight title

1953 WKJG TV channel 33 in Ft Wayne, IN (NBC) begins broadcasting

1955 KTVO TV channel 3 in Ottumwa-Kirksville, IA (ABC) begins broadcasting

1959 Entertainer Jack Benny (violin) and US Vice-President Richard Nixon (piano) play their famed duet

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1901 Richard Strauss‘ opera “Feuersnot” premieres in Dresden

1934 Cole Porter‘s musical “Anything Goes” opens at the Alvin Theatre, NYC, later transferred to 46th Street Theatre; runs for 420 performances

1937 Dmitri Shostakovich‘s 5th Symphony premieres in Lenningrad, with the ovation lasting over an hour

1945 Benjamin Britten‘s 2nd String quartet in C premieres

1964 “Something More!” closes at Eugene O’Neill Theater NYC after 15 performances

1964 “Zizi” opens at Broadway Theater NYC for 49 performances

1975 Linda McCartney drug charges in US are dropped

1977 “All ‘N All” 8th studio album by Earth, Wind & Fire is released (Billboard Album of the Year 1978)

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1902 Baseball’s Philadelphia Athletics & Phillies form pro football teams, joining Pitts Stars in 1st attempt at a National Football League

1905 1st match ever played in the Australian National Tennis Championships

1925 Red Grange plays final Univ of Illinois game, signs with Chicago Bears

1934 NY Yankees buy Joe DiMaggio from SF Seals (Pacific Coast League)

1947 Bill Longson beats Lou Thesz in St Louis, to win National Wrestlingg Association world heavyweight title

1949 Bill Veeck sells Cleveland Indians for $22 million, to fund his divorce settlement

1952 Dodgers pitcher Joe Black wins NL Rookie of Year

1956 Don Newcombe wins NL MVP & 1st-ever Cy Young Award

IMPORTANT Email Change for Lady Beltane

As I will be able to catch up on and pay off a couple of monthly bills in January 2023 I have decided to do an email address connected directly to WOTC.

Lady Beltane new email address starting TODAY – November 16, 2022, is LADYBELTANE@WITCHESOFTHECRAFT.COM.

Please use this email address for all correspondences including WOTC’s School of Witchcraft and reading inquires. All emails will usually be answered within 72 hours.

Ancient Civilizations Timeline: 16 Oldest Known Cultures From Around The World

Click here to see a better view of this map

I used to believe my great-grandmother was the first person on earth. She was so old, she HAD to be. Those deep lines carved around her eyes and mouth were a dead giveaway.

Turns out I was wrong. Unbelievably wrong. People have graced the vast grassy plains of this planet since long before even Nana’s great grandparents were alive (and there’s even a tortoise that’s older than her!).

Who knew? Well, I do now, and you can as well.

Here’s a complete ancient civilizations timeline — their names, dates, locations, and some bizarre bits of trivia about them — starting with one that was still flourishing only 600 years ago, and concluding with one still powering forward today.

Table of Contents

16. The Incan Civilization 

15. The Aztec Civilization

14. The Roman Civilization

13. The Persian Civilization

12. The Ancient Greek Civilization

11. The Chinese Civilization

10. The Mayan Civilization

9. The Ancient Egyptian Civilization

8. The Norte Chico Civilization 

7. The Danubian Culture, or Linearbandkeramik Culture

6. The Mesopotamian Civilization

5. The Indus Valley Civilization

4. The Jiahu Culture

3. ‘Ain Ghazal

2. The Çatalhöyük Settlement

1. Australian Aboriginals

Other Notable Civilizations

Click on hyperlinks to read the rest of this article

 

Rune Meanings

You may well be aware of rune stones, and also aware of how to spell cast a.  But are you aware of the meaning behind each stone? Did you know that if you were aware of each rune meaning that you could then create your own rune stones?

Well to follow on from our recent articles about rune stones and rune casting this article focuses on rune meanings and explains the rune meaning for each of the 22 Elder Futhark rune stones.

Contents

1 What Are Rune Stones?

2 How Are Rune Meanings Applied?

3 Rune Meanings For The Elder Futhark Rune Stone Set

4 Who Is A Rune Casting Reading For?

5 Where To Find the Best Rune Casters Online

6 Here are the Pros and Cons Of Getting A Rune Casting Reading Today

7 Don’t forget to give us feedback after!

Click here to read the rest of this article by psychicguild.com

This plant was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in a crater on Hawaii

A rare plant thought to be extinct in the wild has been discovered in a crater on Hawaii.

The tiny population of Delissea argutidentata was discovered in March 2021, according to a joint news release from Kamehameha Schools, the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, and nonprofit Three Mountains Alliance published on Monday.

Three separate Delissa plants were found in a crater on land owned by the school system on Hawaii Island, the release noted. The exact location where the extremely rare plants were found is being kept private to protect the species. A protective fence was also installed to keep them safe.

The newly-discovered plants are already being used to help replenish their species, according to the release. Seeds were retrieved from the three plants in the crater, which grew into 30 seedlings.

The school system’s natural resources manager Amber Nāmaka Whitehead called the discovery “the first step toward a much bigger focus on rare species recovery,” in the release.

“We need both: healthy native ecosystems and…

Click here to read the rest of this article

November 16 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

534 Second and final revision of the Justinian Code published, a codified set of imperial and classical laws begun initially in 528

1532 Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro captures Inca Emperor Atahualpa after a surprise ambush at Cajamarca in the Peruvian Andes

1776 British troops capture Fort Washington during American Revolution

1945 Founding of UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

Today’s Historical Events

13 General Tiberius‘ (later Emperor) triumphant procession through Rome after siege of Germany

534 Second and final revision of the Justinian Code published, a codified set of imperial and classical laws begun initially in 528

1491 An auto de fe, held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.

1519 City of Havana moved to its current location to avoid mosquito infestations

1532 Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro captures Inca Emperor Atahualpa after a surprise ambush at Cajamarca in the Peruvian Andes

1572 Troops under Don Frederik (the Spanish General Fadrique Alvarez de Toledo) occupy and plunder Zutphen, Netherlands

1581 Tsar Ivan the Terrible attacks his son and heir, Ivan Ivanovich, with a scepter after an argument leading to the latter’s death three days later

1632 Battle of Lützen: Significant battle of Thirty Years’ War – Swedish and Saxon forces defeat the Holy Roman Empire, at cost of the death of Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1957 BBC’s 1st pop music show, the “Six-Five Special”, is broadcast from the tiny 2i’s Coffee Bar in London

1965 Walt Disney launches Epcot Center: Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow

1982 Tom Stoppard‘s play “The Real Thing” premieres in London starring Felicity Kendal and Roger Rees

1988 Robin Givens sues Mike Tyson for $125 million for libel

2001 “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone”, 1st film adaptation of the book series by J. K. Rowling starring Daniel Radcliffe, premieres in US (Titled “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s’s Stone” in some markets)

2003 31st American Music Awards: Kid Rock, Jennifer Lopez & Luther Vandross win

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1903 V Herbert & H Smith’s musical “Babette” premieres in NYC

1908 Arturo Toscanini begins conducting NY’s Metropolitan Opera

1916 I. Berlin, V. Herbert, H. Blossoms musical premieres in NYC

1935 Cole Porter‘s musical “Anything Goes” closes at 46th Street Theatre, NYC, after 420 performances

1935 Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart‘s musical “Jumbo” premieres in NYC

1956 Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor, named Musical Director of La Scala, Milan

1957 “Copper & Brass” closes at Martin Beck Theater NYC after 36 performances

1959 “The Sound of Music” musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, opens at Lunt Fontanne Theater, NYC; runs for 1443 performances

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1907 12th Iron Bowl: Auburn and Alabama tie 6-6 in Birmingham

1909 Dutch football club FC Eindhoven is founded in southern part of the city; Eredivisie 1954; KNVB Cup 1937

1924 Cleveland Bulldogs lose, 12-7 to Frankford Yellow Jackets at Dunn Field; ends 31-game undefeated streak; NFL and major-league football record

1926 New York Rangers ice hockey club first game; beat Montreal Maroons, 1-0 at Madison Square Garden, NYC

1957 Boson Celtics’ center Bill Russell sets NBA record of 49 rebounds as Boston beats Philadelphia Warriors, 111-89 at Boston Gardens

1957 University of Oklahoma Football NCAA win streak ends at 47 after losing 7-0 to Notre Dame at Oklahoma Memorial Stadium

1959 Boston business executive Billy Sullivan is awarded eighth and final franchise of developing American Football League (AFL); later branded Boston Patriots

1962 SF Warriors center Wilt Chamberlain scores 73 points in 127-111 win over NY Knicks at Madison Square Garden

November 15 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1492 Christopher Columbus notes 1st recorded reference to tobacco

1884 European Colonization and trade in Africa is officially regulated at the international Berlin Conference, formalizing European powers “Scramble for Africa”

1904 King C. Gillette patents the Gillette razor blade

1948 Mackenzie King retires after 22 years as Prime Minister of Canada

1969 An estimated 2 million people take part in the Vietnam War Moratorium Demonstration across the United States

Today’s Historical Events

655 Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Bernicia.

1315 Battle of Morgarten: Swiss beat duke Leopold I of Austria

1348 Rudolph of Oron claims Jews have confessed to poisoning wells

1492 Christopher Columbus notes 1st recorded reference to tobacco

1492 In La Guardia, Spain, 6 Jews & 5 Conversos are accused of ritual murder

1515 Thomas Wolsey is invested as an English Cardinal

1527 Treaty of Schoonhoven: Henry of the Palatinate, Bishop of Utrecht, cedes lands to the Habsburgs in return for security help against resistant citizens

1532 Pope Clemens VII tells Henry VIII to end relationship with Anna Boleyn

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1926 1st formal radio network, RCA takes over AT&T 25 station Network (NBC)

1932 Walt Disney Art School created

1949 KRON-TV channel 4 in San Francisco, California (NBC) begins broadcasting; call letters a nod to the owners other business, The San Francisco Chronicle newspaper

1953 WIBW TV channel 13 in Topeka, KS (CBS/ABC) begins broadcasting

1953 WRBL TV channel 3 in Columbus, GA (CBS) begins broadcasting

1964 KBYU TV channel 11 in Provo, UT (PBS) begins broadcasting

1967 WLTV TV channel 23 in Miami, FL (IND) begins broadcasting

1969 The 1st ever colour television commercial in the UK, for Birds Eye peas, airs on ATV in the Midlands during a Thunderbirds episode

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1832 Felix Mendelssohn‘s “Symphony No. 5 (Reformation)” premieres

1845 Opera “Maritana” is produced (London)

1903 Eugen d’Albert’s opera “Tiefland” premieres in Prague

1935 “A Night at the Opera”, directed by Sam Wood, starring the Marx Brothers, is released

1956 “Li’l Abner” opens at St James Theater, NYC; runs for 693 performances

1956 “Love Me Tender” (The Reno Brothers) film with Elvis Presley in his debut premieres in the US

1969 Janis Joplin, accused of vulgar & indicent language in Tampa, Florida

1975 “Mammas Don’t Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys” single released by Ed Bruce

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1900 Dutch soccer club NEC is established in Nijmegen

1901 6th Iron Bowl: Auburn beats Alabama 17-0 in Tuscaloosa

1901 James J. Jeffries TKOs Gus Ruhlin in 6 for heavyweight boxing title in San Francisco

1913 Australasian Championships Men’s Tennis, Perth: Australian Ernie Parker beats NZ namesake Harry Parker 2-6, 6-1, 6-3, 6-2

1946 Ted Williams is picked as AL MVP

1947 Bradman scores his 100th 100, 172 v Indians at the SCG

1947 Soccer team GVVV forms in Veenendaal

1951 1st-class cricket debut of future great Pakistani batsman Hanif Mohammad; scores 26 in drawn tour match, Pakistan XI v MCC, Lahore

November 14 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1680 Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680 (Kirch’s Comet/Newton’s Comet)

1896 Power plant at Niagara Falls begins operation

1908 Albert Einstein presents his quantum theory of light

1920 The Russian Bolshevik army occupies Sebastopol, ending anti-communist attempts to regain the government of Russia

Today’s Historical Events

1524 Francisco Pizarro begins his 1st great expedition, near Colombia

1550 Pope Julius III proclaims new seat on Council of Trente

1666 Samuel Pepys reports on 1st blood transfusion (between dogs)

1675 Pope Clemens X declares Gorcumse martyrs divine

1680 Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680 (Kirch’s Comet/Newton’s Comet)

1698 Spanish king Carlos appoints grandson prince Jozef Ferdinand as heir

1732 First professional librarian in north America, Louis Timothee, hired in Philadelphia

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1957 Dick Hutton beats Lou Thesz in Toronto, to become NWA wrestling champion

1965 KCST TV channel 39 in San Diego, CA (NBC) begins broadcasting

1968 U.S. premiere of film version of Morris L. West’s best seller “The Shoes of the Fisherman”

1976 “Network”, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Faye Dunaway, Peter Finch and William Holden, premieres in Los Angeles and New York City (Finch – Academy Awards Best Actor 1977)

1980 Kimberley Santos, 19 of Guam, crowned 30th Miss World

1985 Holmfriour Karlsdottir of Iceland, 22, crowned 35th Miss World

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1908 Oscar Strauss’ musical “Der tapfere Soldat” premieres in Vienna

1952 First regular UK singles chart published by the New Musical Express

1959 “Girls against the Boys” closes at Alvin Theater NYC after 16 performances

1960 Ray Charles‘ single “Georgia On My Mind” reaches #1

1964 “Fade Out-Fade In” closes at Mark Hellinger NYC after 199 performances

1964 “Folies Bergere” closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 191 performances

1964 “Oliver!” closes at Imperial Theater NYC after 774 performances

1965 “Baker Street” closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 313 performances

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1888 St Andrews Golf Club, Yonkers NY, opens with just 6 holes

1936 More than 21,000 watch Don Bradman score 192 for South Australia v Victoria in a drawn Sheffield Shield match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground

1943 Chic Bear Sid Luckman passes for 7 touchdowns vs NY Giants (56-7)

1957 Milwaukee Brave Hank Aaron wins NL MVP

1964 Detroit Red Wings Gordie Howe sets NHL record 627th career goal

1966 Muhammad Ali TKOs Cleveland Williams in 3 for heavyweight title

1973 Canada begins production of Olympic coins

1973 Jim Palmer is named AL Cy Young winner

November 13 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1789 Benjamin Franklin writes “Nothing . . . certain but death & taxes”

1933 1st modern sit-down strike by Hormel meat packers in Austin, Minnesota

1956 US Supreme court rules race separation on buses in Alabama unconstitutional

1980 US spacecraft Voyager 1 sends back 1st close-up pictures of Saturn during its fly-by

1985 Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupts in Colombia, killing 25,000 in the town of Armero

Today’s Historical Events

833 Louis the Pious, King of the Franks, performs public act of penance at the Church of Saint Medard in Soissons

866 Pope Nicholas I answers the envoys of Boris (Ad consulta vestra)

1002 English king Ethelred II (the ‘Unready’) launches ‘St Brice’s Day’ massacre of Danish settlers

1553 English Lady Jane Grey and Archbishop Thomas Cranmer accused of high treason

1565 King Philip II‘s “Letters out Segovia” reaches Brussels

1565 Pope Pius IV publishes decree Professi fidei

1642 Battle at Turnham Green outside London: King Charles I vs English parliament

1673 Christopher Wren is appointed architect for the rebuilding of St Paul’s Cathedral in London by King Charles II [1]

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1922 George M. Cohan‘s musical “Little Nellie Kelly” premieres in NYC

1937 NBC forms first full-sized symphony orchestra exclusively for radio

1940 Walt Disney‘s animated film “Fantasia”, starring Leopold Stokowski, The Philadelphia Orchestra, Mickey Mouse, and ballet dancing hippopotamuses, premieres at the Broadway Theatre, New York City

1952 KLBK TV channel 13 in Lubbock, TX (CBS) begins broadcasting

1960 Fire in movie theater kills 152 children in Amude, Spain

1961 WCBB TV channel 10 in Augusta, ME (PBS) begins broadcasting

1965 Director Kenneth Tynan says the word “F*ck” on BBC

1966 American comedian Flip Wilson makes his debut appearance on “The Ed Sullivan Show”; he returns 10 times [1]

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1948 “As the Girls Go” opens at Winter Garden Theater NYC for 420 performances

1951 Janet Collins is the first 1st African-American dancer to appear at the Metropolitan Opera, in a production of Aida

1953 Dmitri Shostakovich‘s 4th String Quartet premieres

1959 The Academy of St Martin in the Fields’ first professional concert takes place in London

1965 “Skyscraper” opens at Lunt Fontanne Theater NYC for 248 performances

1973 “Gigi” opens at Uris Theater NYC for 103 performances

1975 “Musical Jubilee” opens at St James Theater NYC for 92 performances

1989 Paul McCartney releases single “Figure of 8” & “Ou Est Le Soleil”

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1875 Harvard-Yale game is 1st college football contest with uniforms

1900 Baltimore Orioles (now NY Yankees) enter baseball’s American League

1906 C. W. Gregory out for 383 as NSW make 763 v Queensland, in record cricket innings by an Australian

1907 French cyclist Paul Cornu flies 1st helicopter (twin rotor)

1946 Bradman scores 106 for an Australian XI v the MCC

1951 Lefty O’Doul’s all-stars, including Joe DiMaggio and Billy Martin, lose 3-1 to Pacific League all-star team (Japan)

1954 1st Rugby League World Cup, Parc des Princes, Paris: Great Britain beats France, 16-12; Man of The Match: GB second rower Don Robinson

1958 NYC Mayor Robert Wagner announces plans to begin a new baseball called the Continental League

Repeating A Spell

REPEATING A SPELL

People often want to cast a spell again to increase the effect. For the most part, spells aren’t cumulative. There’s a danger that in drawing energy toward you as you raise power, you might very well pull the energy you’ve already sent out right back to you.

However, if you plan it ahead of time, you can structure your spell to maintain a sustained flow of energy by spreading it out over a specific number of days.

There are two ways of approaching this. First, you can plan to repeat a spell according to a determined cycle of time such as lunar or solar phase. For example, every third day after the new moon you might do a house cleansing spell, or a spell for inspiration at dawn for nine days, or a spell to increase your courage every Tuesday for a month. Second, you can do a single spell over a series of consecutive days. A spell like this might involve marking seven equal sections on a green candle with your fingernail, then burning one section each night for seven nights, while meditating on improved finances.

The difference between performing spells this way, and just doing it again to increase the effect, is how you think of it. These sequenced spells are deliberately performed one after the other as a unit. The spell is technically not finished until you have performed the specified actions on the last day. In spells such as this, if the sequence is broken, you have to start all over again at the beginning.

Power Spellcraft For Life: The Art Of Crafting And Casting For Positive Change
Ann Murphy-Hiscock

November 11 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1620 Mayflower Compact signed by Pilgrims at Cape Cod, the 1st framework of government in the territory that is now the USA [N.S. Nov 21]

1675 German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz demonstrates integral calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of y = f(x) function

1745 Bonnie Prince Charlie‘s army enters England

Today’s Historical Events

308 The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Maxentius and Licinius to be Augusti, while rival contender Constantine I is declared Caesar of Britain and Gaul.

725 English pilgrim Willibald (later St. Willibald) arrives in Jerusalem. One of the first known Europeans to visit the Holy Land.

887 Parliament in Tribur: King Charles III resigns

1158 Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa declares himself ruler of North Italy

1208 Otto van Wittelsbach chosen German king

1215 4th Lateran Council (12th ecumenical council) opens in Rome

1400 Battle of Aleppo: Timur and his army defeat the forces of Sultan Faraj, Mameluke ruler of Egypt, 20,000 people reportedly massacred and a pyramid of their skulls built

1417 Oddo Colonna elected as Pope Martinus V

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1947 “Gentlemen’s Agreement” directed by Elia Karan and starring Gregory Peck and Dorothy McGuire premieres in New York (Best Picture 1948)

1949 WTTV TV channel 4 in Bloomington-Indianapol, IN (IND) 1st broadcast

1954 Publication of “Two Towers”, 2nd volume of “Lord of the Rings”, by J. R. R. Tolkien by George Allen and Unwin in London

1959 1st episode of Jay Ward’s cartoon series “Rocky & His Friends”, featuring Rocket J. (“Rocky”) Squirrel and Bullwinkle J. Moose. airs on NBC

1963 Brian Epstein and Ed Sullivan sign a 3 show contract for appearances by The Beatles

1971 Neil Simon‘s “Prisoner of Second Avenue” premieres in NYC

1982 Susan Cooper and Hume Cronyn’s stage drama with songs “Foxfire”, strring Jesica Tandy, Keith Carradine, and Cronyn, opens at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, NYC; runs for 213 performances and wins a Tony Award for Tandy

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1901 Maurice Ravel‘s piano composition “Jeux d’eau” premieres

1925 Louis Armstrong and his Hot Five begin their first recording session

1931 Cornerstones laid for Opera House & Veteran’s Building in San Francisco, California

1933 Billie Holiday‘s second song and first hit, “Riffin’ the Scotch”, is released

1939 Kate Smith first sings Irving Berlin‘s “God Bless America”

1957 Sun Record’s release single “Great Balls of Fire” by Jerry Lee Lewis; sells a million copies in first ten day

1958 “La Plume de Ma Tante” opens at Royale Theater NYC for 835 performances

1968 John Lennon and Yoko Ono appear nude on cover of “Two Virgins” album

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1889 British Open Men’s Golf, Musselburgh Links: Willie Park Jr wins his second Open title; beats Andrew Kirkaldy by 5 in 36-hole playoff

1926 Future Baseball Hall of Fame second baseman Eddie Collins is released as Chicago White Sox player/manager; replaced by another future HOF’er catcher Ray Schalk

1943 New York Yankees pitcher Spud Chandler wins AL MVP; St. Louis Cardinals outfielder Stan Musial wins NL MVP

1944 New York Rangers beat Detroit Red Wings, 5-2 to end NHL record 25 game winless streak (0-21-4)

1946 New York Knicks play their first Basketball Association of American (BAA) home game at Madison Square Garden; lose, 78-68 to Chicago Stags in overtime

1959 Seals Stadium, a minor league baseball park and temporary home of MLB Giants) in San Francisco, California demolished

1960 Record New York Knicks’ crowd for the third Madison Square Garden venue on 49th Street, NYC; 18,499 see Knicks beat Syracuse Nationals, 112-108

1972 Rugby League World Cup, Stade de Gerland, Lyon, France: Australia and Great Britain draw 10-10; Great Britain awarded the Trophy

World’s Oldest Complete Star Map, Lost for Millennia, Found Inside Medieval Manuscript

Scholars may have just discovered a fragment of the world’s oldest complete star map.

The map segment, which was found beneath the text on a sheet of medieval parchment, is thought to be a copy of the long-lost star catalog of the second century B.C. Greek astronomer Hipparchus, who made the earliest known attempt to chart the entire night sky. The fragment was concealed beneath nine leaves, or folios, of the religious Codex Climaci Rescriptus at St. Catherine’s Monastery in Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula.

The codex is a palimpsest, meaning the original writings have been scraped from their parchment to make way for a collection of Christian Palestinian Aramaic texts telling stories from the Old and New Testaments. The researchers thought that even earlier Christian texts were buried beneath the pages, but multispectral imaging revealed something more surprising: numbers stating, in degrees, the length and width of the constellation Corona Borealis and coordinates for the stars located at its farthest corners. The researchers published their findings Oct. 18 in the Journal for the History of Astronomy .

“I was very excited from the beginning,” study lead researcher Victor Gysembergh , a science historian at the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris, told Nature . “It was immediately clear we had star coordinates.”

The researchers’ excitement grew when the precise coordinates enabled them to estimate the date when the coordinates were written down — roughly 129 B.C. when…

Click here to read the rest of this article

November 8 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

392 Roman Emperor Theodosius declares Christian religion the state religion

1519 1st meeting of Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II and Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés in Tenochtitlan, Mexico

1701 William Penn presents Charter of Privileges, guaranteed religious freedom for the colony in Pennsylvania

1734 Vincent la Chapelle, master cook to various nobility and royalty, forms Free Masons Lodge in Netherlands

1895 German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen produces and detects electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays or Röntgen rays

2002 Iraq disarmament crisis: UN Security Council under Resolution 1441 unanimously approves a resolution on Iraq, forcing Saddam Hussein to disarm or face “serious consequences”

2005 Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is elected president of Liberia, the first woman to lead an African country

2016 Republican Donald Trump is elected 45th President of the United States of America, defeating Democrat Hillary Clinton, with an Electoral College victory of 304- 227; Clinton received just under 2.9 million more popular votes [1]

Today’s Historical Events

392 Roman Emperor Theodosius declares Christian religion the state religion

911 Duke Conrad I chosen as King of East Francia

1322 Pope John XXII names John van Diest as Bishop of Utrecht

1494 Uprising against Piero de’ Medici in Florence

1519 1st meeting of Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II and Spanish Conquistador Hernán Cortés in Tenochtitlan, Mexico

1520 Stockholm Bloodbath begins: A successful invasion of Sweden by Danish forces results in the execution of around 100 people.

1575 French Roman Catholics & Huguenots signs treaty

1576 Eighty Years’ War: Pacification of Ghent – 17 Dutch provinces sign anti-Spanish covenant

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1880 French actress Sarah Bernhardt makes her US debut at NY’s Booth Theater

1935 “Mutiny on the Bounty” directed by Frank Lloyd and starring Charles Laughton and Clark Gable premieres in New York (Best Production/Picture 1936)

1949 “All The King’s Men” based on Robert Penn Warren’s Pulitzer winning novel, directed by Robert Rossen and starring Broderick Crawford premieres in New York (Best Picture 1950)

1956 Biblical drama film “The Ten Commandments”, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, starring Charlton Heston and Yul Brynner premieres at the Criterion Theater in NYC

1958 Gian Carlo Menotti’s musical drama “Maria Golovin” closes at Martin Beck Theater NYC after 5 performances

1959 KJTV (now KGET) TV channel 17 in Bakersfield, CA (NBC) 1st broadcast

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1926 George Gershwin‘s musical “Oh, Kay” premieres in NYC

1928 George and Ira Gershwin‘s musical “Treasure Girl” premieres in NYC

1932 “Make Mine Music” debuts

1945 Muscial “The Girl from Nantucket” opens at Adelphi Theater, NYC; runs for 12 performances

1974 “Greatest Hits” 11th studio album by Elton John is released

1986 “Song & Dance” closes at Royale Theater NYC after 474 performances

1990 “6 Degrees of Separation” opens at Vivian Beaumont NYC for 496 performances

1990 Musician Chris Isaak releases single “Wicked Game”

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1920 Baseball meeting to depose Ban Johnson is set for Nov 12th

1947 Bradman scores his 99th 1st-class cricket century, 100 South Australia v Victoria

1950 Walt Dropo of Boston Red Sox selected AL Rookie of Year

1951 New York Yankees catcher Yogi Berra wins 1st of his 3 MVP awards

1961 Whitey Ford is voted Cy Young Award winner over Warren Spahn

1966 Frank Robinson, Baltimore Orioles outfielder, selected as AL MVP,first player to win MVP in both leagues

1966 President Lyndon B. Johnson signs anti-trust immunity to AFL-NFL merger

1970 5th Rugby League World Cup: Australia beats Great Britain 12-7

November 7 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1492 Ensisheim Meteorite strikes a wheat field near the village of Ensisheim in Alsace, France. Oldest meteorite with a known date of impact.

1872 Cargo ship Mary Celeste sails from Staten Island for Genoa; mysteriously found abandoned four weeks later

1917 [OS Oct 25] October Revolution in Russia; Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power, capture the Winter Palace and overthrow the Provisional Government.

1931 Chinese People’s Republic proclaimed by Mao Zedong

2000 Controversial US presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore is inconclusive; the result, in Bush’s favor, is eventually resolved by the Supreme Court

2020 Former Vice-President Joe Biden declared the winner of the US Presidential race, four days after the US election, defeating sitting President Donald Trump

Today’s Historical Events

680 Third Council of Constantinople (6th ecumenical council) opens

921 Treaty of Bonn: East France & West France recognize each other

1492 Ensisheim Meteorite strikes a wheat field near the village of Ensisheim in Alsace, France. Oldest meteorite with a known date of impact.

1512 Medici’s discharge Niccolo Machiavelli from Florence

1519 University of Leuven convicts teaching of Luther

1558 French King Henry II occupies Calais

1631 Pierre Gassendi observes 1st ever transit of Mercury predicted by Kepler

1637 Anne Hutchinson tried in Massachusetts Bay Colony as a heretic

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1722 Richard Steele‘s sentimental comedy play “The Conscious Lovers” premieres in London

1874 1st cartoon depicting elephant as Republican Party symbol, by Thomas Nast

1904 George M. Cohan‘s 1st full-length musical “Little Johnny Jones”, featuring the songs “Yankee Doodle Dandy” and “Give My Regards To Broadway”, opens at the Liberty Theatre, NYC; runs for 52 performances be before going on tour

1921 Ed Wynn’s musical revue “The Perfect Fool” premieres in NYC

1932 1st broadcast of “Buck Rogers in the 25th century” on CBS-radio

1953 WIS TV channel 10 in Columbia, SC (NBC) begins broadcasting

1957 WEEQ (now WWTO) TV channel 35 in La Salle, IL (IND) 1st broadcast

1960 KNRR TV channel 12 in Pembina, ND (IND) begins broadcasting

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1786 The oldest musical organization in the United States is founded in Boston, Massachusetts as the Stoughton Musical Society

1912 The Deutsche Opernhaus (now Deutsche Oper Berlin) opens in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg, with a production of Beethoven‘s Fidelio

1946 Katherine Dunham’s song and dance revue “Bal Nègre” opens at Belasco Theater, NYC; runs for 54 performances

1966 John Lennon meets Yoko Ono at an avante-garde art exposition at Indica Gallery in London [1]

1969 John Lennon and Yoko Ono release their second album “Wedding Album” in UK

1970 “Purlie” closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 689 performances

1982 Revival of Alex Bradford, Vinnette Carroll, and Micki Grant’s “Your Arms are Too Short to Box With God”, based on the Bible’s Book of Matthew, and featuring Al Green and Patti LaBelle, closes at Alvin Theatre, NYC. after 69 performances

1990 “Little Night Music” closes at New York State NYC after 11 performances

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1933 Pennsylvania voters overturn blue law, by permitting Sunday sports

1942 Italian cyclist Fausto Coppi establishes world hour record 45.798km in Vigorelli, Milan, Italy

1943 Detroit Lions 0, NY Giants 0; last scoreless tie in NFL

1954 Cleveland Browns’ Chet Hanulak sets club record with 7 punt returns & win by their largest margin of victory (59) beating Wash 62-3

1957 Phillies pitcher Jack Sanford wins NL Rookie of Year

1959 Ryder Cup Golf, Eldorado GC: Sam Snead leads US to comprehensive 8½-3½ win

1962 Glenn Hall set NHL record of 503 consecutive games as goalie

1963 New York Yankee catcher Elston Howard is first African-American to be voted AL MVP

PUBLIC SERVICE ACCOUNCEMENT for EUROPE

This Sunday at 2:00 AM CET, November 6, 2022 starts standard time in the United States and Canada.

November 4 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1576 Eighty Years’ War: In Flanders, Spanish defeat Walloon and capture Antwerp

1841 First wagon train arrives in California after a five and a half month and 1,730 mile journey over the Sierra Nevada from Missouri [1]

1845 First nationally observed uniform election day in the United States, the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November

1862 American inventor Richard Jordan Gatling patents the hand cranked Gatling machine gun in Indianapolis

1879 African American inventor Thomas Elkins patents the Refrigerating Apparatus [1]

1922 Howard Carter discovers the intact tomb of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun in Egypt

2008 Barack Obama becomes the first African-American to be elected President of the United States, defeating Republican candidate John McCain

Today’s Historical Events

922 Richarius becomes bishop of Luik

1333 Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani

1429 Joan of Arc and Charles d’Albret liberate the heavily fortified town of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier after a siege

1501 Philip de Blank & Juana “la Loca” depart to Spain

1519 Flood ravages Dutch and Friese coast

1520 Danish Norwegian king Christian II crowned King of Sweden

1529 English cardinal Thomas Wolsey arrested on charges of treason

1576 Eighty Years’ War: In Flanders, Spanish defeat Walloon and capture Antwerp

Today’s Historical Events in Film and TV

1914 Vogue holds 1st model show (“Fashion Fete”, NYC)

1929 John L. Balderston’s play “Berkeley Square” starring Leslie Howard premieres in NYC

1948 American humorist Will Rogers commemorated by US Postage Service on 3-cent stamp

1968 WRDU (now WPTF) TV channel 28 in Raleigh-Durham, NC (NBC) 1st broadcast

1968 WTOG TV channel 44 in St Petersburg-Tampa, FL (IND) 1st broadcast

1985 “Edge of Darkness” first airs on BBC Two, featuring Bob Peck and Joanne Whalley

1992 NY Jets announce they are moving from WABC to WFAN radio

2001 “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone” 1st film adaptation of the book series by J. K. Rowling starring Daniel Radcliffe, premieres in London (Titled “Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone” in some markets)

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1783 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart‘s “Symphony No. 36” premieres in Linz, Austria

1876 Johannes Brahms‘ 1st Symphony in C premieres in Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden

1890 Alexander Borodin’s opera “Prince Igor” debuts at Mariinsky Theatre, St. Petersburg, Russia

1908 Brooklyn Academy of Music opens in NYC

1909 Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari‘s opera “Il Segreto di Susanna” (Susanna’s Secret) is first produced in Munich

1946 “Park Avenue” opens at Shubert Theater NYC for 72 performances

1950 “Barrier” closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 4 performances

1950 “Consul” closes at Barrymore Theater NYC after 269 performances

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1889 Players League begins, declaring independence from baseball’s NL

1924 California legalizes professional boxing (illegal since 1914)

1934 After posting 7 straight shutouts to start the NFL season, Detroit Lions beat Pittsburgh, 40-7 at University of Detroit Stadium; scored upon for the first time of the season; rush for NFL single game record 426 yards

1951 NY Giants & NY Yanks score back-to-back TDs on kickoff returns

1951 Ryder Cup Golf, Pinehurst Resort: US wins 9½-2½; Sam Snead playing captain for US; Arthur Lacey non-playing GB skipper

1951 Vijay Merchant scores 154 v England in his last Test Cricket innings

1953 New baseball balk rule gives the batter option of accepting the outcome of the pitch or the balk

1959 Ernie Banks, Cubs shortstop, wins 2nd consecutive NL MVP

CIRCLE MAKING THROUGH THE SEASONS

CIRCLE MAKING THROUGH THE SEASONS
By Selena Fox – Copyright 1985
Reprinted with the expressed written permission of Selena Fox/Circle
Sanctuary

Whether you celebrate the Pagan seasonal holidays indoors or outside, alone or
with others, you can enhance the beauty and effectiveness of you Sabbat
ceremonies by decorating your circle with gifts of Nature appropriate to the
season.

Marking the circle space and the four directions on the ground or floor aids in
visualizing the circle of energy that forms in a place during a ritual. Doing
this is very helpful for beginners in ritual, for new groups, and for ecumenical
workings which include people of many paths. Using seasonal decorations to mark
the circle and quarters strengthens the connection of the participants and the
ceremony with Nature and the particular energy of a holiday. For the same
reason, it also is good to have some seasonal decorations on the altar, whether
it is positioned centrally as we do or at some other place in the circle.

When possible, those taking part in a Sabbat ceremony should ritually collect
decorations for the circle from Nature themselves. When collecting plant parts,
be they dried or fresh, from gardens, parks, or the wilds, before you begin, be
sure to honor the Spirits of the Plants and the Spirit of the Place you are
visiting. Pause a few moments, commune with them through silent meditation,
state your need for circle decorations, and ask for their help. Then, let them
intuitively guide you during the gathering process. When you are done, give
thanks for the gifts you have received. Remember that the decorations you gather
are parts of other life-forms here on Planet Earth, rather than non-sentient
things for you to manipulate for your own purposes. Respect Nature Spirits and
they will become you friends and bring special blessings to your seasonal
celebrations.

Spending time in natural settings to collect decorations before a rite can
greatly help you spiritually align yourself to the season. This is especially
important for you to do if you spend a lot of your waking life inside buildings
and traveling around in heavily urbanized areas. However, if circumstances are
such that you cannot gather decorations from Nature for a holiday, you can still
ask Plant Spirits for guidance in your selection process when you shop in the
marketplace.

Once you have obtained the decorations, as you place them in and around your
circle focus on honoring the space, the plants, the season, and the ritual about
to happen. This can be done silently as a meditation or by jubilantly singing
and moving to a seasonal song. For group rituals, outlining the circle is a
wonderful way to get all participants, including children, involved in preparing
for the ritual. The shared experience of creating the space aids in attunement
and in developing a strong group spirit necessary for effective ceremonies. When
everyone is responsible for bringing a particular kind of decoration to outline
a circle, such as pine boughs for Yule, not only does the circle take form with
greater ease, but more importantly, marking out the circle with everyone’s
contributions symbolizes the blending together of the individual energies of
participants into a harmonious whole.

After a seasonal ritual is over, remove decorations from the circle with the
spirit of thanksgiving. These decorations not only embody the energy of the
Nature Spirits worked with during their gathering, but also contain the energy
of the ritual. They have served as ceremonial tools and should be taken away
with respect, not hurriedly swept up and thrown into a trash can. Often, we
return the natural decorations we have used to Mother Earth, letting wildlife
feed on fruits and grains, and mulching the plants in our gardens with flowers
and greens. Decorations also can be placed on personal altars after the ceremony
as reminders of the season or given as healing gifts to friends who were not
able to be present at the ceremony. If they have been energized for a particular
purpose during a ceremony, decorations can also serve as charms.

The suggestions I present here for each holiday are drawn primarily from my own
experiences doing Sabbats with groups of people in these Northlands, and should
be adapted to suit your own circumstances, such as local climate and vegetation
cycles, ceremonial place, number of ritual participants, and type of spiritual
path. I’ve included ideas for outlining the circle space itself, marking the
quarters and decorating a central altar.

SAMHAIN / HALLOWEEN

Outline the circle with dry colored leaves and perhaps some nuts and sprigs of
dried herbs such as curled dock flowers. At each of the four quarters, stand a
shock of dried corn stalks with a lighted carved pumpkin or jack-o-lantern at
the base. On the altar in the center, place a large jack-o-lantern to symbolize
the Spirit of the holiday and the Otherworld, and surround it with acorns,
symbols of rebirth, and with photographs and other mementos of dead friends,
relatives, and ancestors you would like to honor. You might also place a lit
votive candle by mementos of each loved one to represent their Spirit which
lives on.

YULE / WINTER SOLSTICE

Outline the circle with pine cones and freshly cut pine boughs. Set tall red
candles at the four quarters with holly at their bases. In the center, lay a
Yule wreath of evergreens, preferably one you have fashioned yourself. In the
center of the wreath, place a large red candle to represent the reborn Sun.
Place it in a small cauldron, if you have one, to symbolize the Goddess of
Rebirth. Around the outside of the wreath make another circle with sprigs of
mistletoe which can be energized during the rite and later given to participants
and friends to bring blessings to their homes in the New Solar Year. Our
community Yule altar also contains eight red ribbons representing the Wheel of
the Year, eight plates for Sabbat cakes, and personal blessing candles brought
by participants.

IMBOLC / CANDLEMAS

Outline the circle with white votive candles, symbolizing the purification
aspect of this holiday. Place large white candles at each of the quarters and at
the center. Surround the central candle with any early greens and buds that have
appeared in your area, and with sunflower seeds to represent the promise of
renewed life in coming Spring. The seeds can be later set out for wild birds.
White candles also can be set in the center by participants to symbolize self-
purification and spiritual awakening.

OSTARA / SPRING EQUINOX

Outline the circle with any greenery that has appeared already in the Spring,
such as budding willow branches, ground ivy and other herbs. If Winter snows
still abound, which often is the case here in Wisconsin, use a green cord or
green ribbons to form the circle and represent the greening of Spring. You could
also outline the circle with packets of seeds which will later be planted in
gardens. At each of the four quarters, place a green candle. In the center of
the circle, place a basket with brightly colored hard-boiled eggs in it,
representing the Spring Goddess and the resurrection of life. These eggs can be
eaten as part of the rite or later buried in gardens as fertility charms.

BELTANE / MAY DAY

Outline the circle with a variety of flowers and tree blossoms, symbolizing the
blossoming of life. For group ceremonies, have everyone exchange some of the
flowers they bring with other participants before the outlining of the circle
begins. This ancient gesture of friendship aids in group attunement, generates a
festive mood, and strengthens connection with the love energy of the holiday. At
each of the four quarters, place a basket or vase of flowers. In the center, set
a Maypole decorated with brightly colored ribbons to represent the activating
principle of Nature. The ribbons should be an even number of streamers if the
traditional Maypole dance will be done. Otherwise, each participant should tie a
bit of ribbon around the pole to symbolize wishes for personal growth in the
coming Summer. Free-form ecstatic dancing can then be done around the pole to
energize the wishes. After the rite, take flowers to gardens to bless them and
promote fertility.

LITHA / SUMMER SOLSTICE

Outline the circle with candle lanterns or candles set in earth in wide-mouthed
jars. A beautiful and powerful way to create the circle space with these lights
is to have participants carry the candles in a ritual procession at dusk to the
ceremonial spot, circle it several times clockwise, come to a standstill once a
comfortable sized circle is made, and then set them down behind them. This works
very well especially with large groups and it is a part of each year’s opening
ritual at the International Pagan Spirit Gathering we sponsor at Solstice time.
Luminarias, which are candles set in sand in small paper bags, are another
stunning way to create a ring of light for an evening Solstice ceremony.
However, the ring of light is made, torches or large candles work well in the
four quarters. In the center of the circle, kindle a large bonfire of sacred
woods and herbs, if your location permits. You might want to feed the fire as it
rises with the dried wreath from Yule as we do each year to symbolize the peak
of the Solar Year. Otherwise, set a large red candle in the center, and surround
it with oak boughs, yarrow flowers, and other sacred plants of the season
growing in the area.

LUGHNASSAD / LAMMAS

Outline the circle with stalks of wheat or other grains, if available. Or, if
you prefer, make the circle with sprigs of sweet smelling herbs such as mint and
basil, and with wildflowers such as Queen Anne’s Lace and red clover blossoms.
Set baskets of herbs and Summer flowers at the four quarters and in the center,
representing the productiveness of Nature. Also on the central altar, place a
freshly-bakes loaf of bread to symbolize the Spirit of the holiday. The bread
can be shared among participants and with the Earth as a form of communion.

MABON / FALL EQUINOX

Outline the circle with gourds, apples, nuts, and other foods of the season.
Preferably, these are ones grown in your own gardens or in fields in the local
areas. Set a large gourd or pile of fruits and vegetables at each of the
quarters to represent harvest abundance. In the center, place a thanksgiving
cornucopia or cauldron filled to overflowing with offerings of harvest produce
and herbs. Ears of multi-colored Indian corn also are an excellent seasonal
altar decoration. The foods that ring the circle can later be eaten in a Harvest
feast. The central offerings should be returned to the Earth in thanksgiving.

With my thanks to Lady Abyss for this great information first posted this in January 2011