Dreams can be mysterious, exhilarating, or even terrifying, but understanding the meaning of our dreams can be downright baffling. While many theories exist to explain why we dream, no one yet fully understands their purpose, let alone how to interpret the meaning of dreams. However, psychologists have developed theories that might explain what dreams mean.

Here are four theories that can help you figure out what your dreams mean:

1. Dreams as the Road to the Unconscious Mind: Developed by Sigmund Freud, this theory stated that dreams signified what people desire.
2. Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious: Carl Jung also believed that dreams represented repressed wishes but also noted that dreams explored the underdeveloped parts of the mind.
3. Dreams as a Cognitive Process: Calvin S. Hall theorized that what people do and think in their waking lives are what they see in their dreams.
4. Dreams as a Reflection of Waking Life: G. William Domhoff, who worked with Hall, theorized a similar explanation for dreams.

Freud: Dreams as the Road to the Unconscious Mind

In his book “The Interpretation of Dreams,” Sigmund Freud suggested that the content of dreams is related to wish fulfillment.

Dream Are Our Wishes

Dream Work

Freud also described four elements of this process that he referred to as “dream work:”1

1. Condensation: Many different ideas and concepts are represented within a single dream. Information is condensed into a single thought or image.
2. Displacement: This element of dream work disguises the latent content’s emotional meaning by confusing the dream’s important and insignificant parts.
3. Symbolization: This operation also censors the repressed ideas in the dream by including objects meant to symbolize the latent content of the dream.
4. Secondary revision: During this final stage of the dreaming process, Freud suggested that the bizarre elements of the dream are reorganized to make the dream comprehensible, thus generating the dream’s manifest content.

Jung: Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious

While Carl Jung shared some commonalities with Freud, he felt that dreams were more than an expression of repressed wishes.

Jung’s Four Archetypes

Jung also suggested that archetypes such as the anima, the shadow, the animus, and the persona are often represented as symbolic objects or figures in dreams.2

These symbols, he believed, represented attitudes that are repressed by the conscious mind.

Hall: Dreams as a Cognitive Process

Calvin S. Hall looked for themes and patterns by analyzing thousands of dream diaries from participants, eventually creating a quantitative coding system that divided what’s in our dreams into several categories.

According to Hall’s theory, interpreting dreams requires knowing the following:

• The actions of the dreamer within the dream
• The objects and figures in the dream
• The interactions between the dreamer and the characters in the dream
• The dream’s setting, transitions, and outcome

The ultimate goal of this dream interpretation is not to understand the dream, however, but to understand the dreamer. Research by Hall revealed that the traits people exhibit while awake are the same as those expressed in dreams.

Domhoff: Dreams as a Reflection of Waking Life

G. William Domhoff is a prominent dream researcher who studied with Calvin Hall at the University of Miami.

Domhoff suggests a neurocognitive model of dreams in which the process of dreaming results from neurological processes and a system of schemas.4 Dream content, he suggests, results from these cognitive processes.

Popularizing Dream Interpretation

Since the 1970s, dream interpretation has grown increasingly popular. Ann Faraday’s 1974 book “The Dream Game” outlined techniques and ideas anyone can use to interpret their dreams.

Today, consumers can purchase various books that offer dream dictionaries, symbol guides, and tips for interpreting and understanding dreams.

How Biases Affect Dream Interpretation

Researchers Carey Morewedge and Michael Norton have studied the dreams of over 1,000 individuals from the United States, India, and South Korea.5

What they also discovered, however, is that the weight and importance people attach to their dreams depends largely on their biases. People are more likely to remember negative dreams if they involve people they dislike. They are also more likely to take positive dreams seriously if they involve friends or loved ones.

The researchers found that such things as the confirmation bias and the self-serving bias can impact how people respond to their dreams.

Because people tend to take their dreams seriously, the researchers suggest, they can also become a self-fulfilling prophecy. If you dream that you will fail an exam, you might be less motivated to study or even become so stressed out that you perform poorly.

Dreams may or may not have meaning, but the fact remains that interpreting dreams has become a popular pastime.