Category: Articles

February 28th Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

202 BC Coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place, initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty’s rule over China

1710 In the Battle of Helsingborg, 14,000 Danish invaders under Jørgen Rantzau are decisively defeated by an equally sized Swedish force under Magnus Stenbock

1854 Republican Party formally organized in Ripon, Wisconsin

1915 WWI: After the French try to drive the Germans forces back into the Champagne region, they gain a few hundred yards – at the cost of 50,000 casualties

1947 February 28 Massacre: Anti-government uprising in Taiwan is violently put down by Chiang Kai-shek and his Kuomintang-led Republic of China government with the loss of 18,000-28,000 lives. Marks the beginning of the White Terror.

1953 Francis Crick and James Watson discover the chemical structure of DNA-molecule (double-helix polymer) using studies of x-ray diffraction developed by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

1991 Gulf War ends after Iraq accepts a ceasefire following their retreat from Kuwait

Today’s Historical Events

202 BC Coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place, initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty’s rule over China

364 Valentinian I becomes Roman Emperor (rules till 375)

870 8th Ecumenical council ends in Constantinople

1570 Anti-Portuguese uprising on Ternate, Moluccas

1638 Scottish Presbyterians sign National Convent, Greyfriars, Edinburgh

1646 Roger Scott tried in Massachusetts for sleeping in church

1653 -Mar 3] 3 Day Sea battle English beat Dutch

1667 English colony Suriname comes under Dutch controls

Today’s Historical Events in Flim and TV

1940 1st televised basketball game (U of Pitts beats Fordham U, 50-37)

1951 8th Golden Globes: “Sunset Boulevard”, Jose Ferrer, & Gloria Swanson win

1957 14th Golden Globes: The King and I, Kirk Douglas, & Ingrid Bergman win

1966 23rd Golden Globes: “Doctor Zhivago“, Omar Sharif, & Samantha Eggar win

1970 KIIN (now KUN) TV channel 12 in Iowa City, IA (PBS) 1st broadcast

1970 WUTR TV channel 20 in Utica-Rome, NY (ABC) begins broadcasting

1971 WDRB TV channel 41 in Louisville, Kentucky (IND) begins broadcasting

1983 Final TV episode of “M*A*S*H”, a 2-hour special directed by series star Alan Alda titled “Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen”, airs (CBS); record 125 million watch in the US

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1728 George Frideric Handel‘s opera “Siroe, re di Persia” premieres in London

1819 1st public performance of a Franz Schubert‘s song “Schäfers Klageleid”

1862 Charles Gounod’s opera “La Reine de Saba” premieres in Paris

1888 Vincent d’Indy’s Wallenstein-trilogy, premieres

1904 Vincent d’Indy’s 2nd Symphony in B, premieres

1920 Maurice Ravel‘s orchestral suite “Le tombeau de Couperin” premieres in Paris

1925 “Tea For Two” by Marion Harris hits #1

1950 “Alive & Kicking” closes at Winter Garden Theater NYC after 46 performances

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1844 6th Grand National: John Crickmere wins aboard 5/1 co-favourite Discount

1849 11th Grand National: Tom Cunningham wins aboard 20/1 Peter Simple; 2nd consecutive year there are 3 equine fatalities during the race

1903 Barney Dreyfuss & James Potter buy Philadelphia Phillies for $170,000

1904 Football club Sport Lisboa (Benfica) founded in Lisbon, Portugal

1906 Stanley Cup: Ottawa HC beats Queen’s University (Kingston, ON), 12-7 for a 2-0 sweep of challenge series

1912 Australian batting great Victor Trumper scores 50 in his final Test innings in 5th Test loss v England at Sydney Cricket Ground

1925 Longest win streak in Toronto Maple Leaf history (9 games)

1929 Chic Black Hawks lose record NHL 15th straight game at home

Witchcraft Symbols, Terms and Definitions

From thoughtcatalog.com

Celtic Shield Knot

A Celtic knot (also called Icovellavna) is an endless knot design that turns in on itself that originated with the Celtic people. When created in the shape of a shield, it is used as a symbol for protection used to ward off negative energy. These are often used as tattoos or jewelry designs that can be worn for protection.

Represents: the four elements.

Used in rituals for: protection.

When Is It Witchcraft? (Please keep in mind that this is the author’s perspective and not necessarily that of WOTC)

Thanks to a meme with a tree, people talking about whether or not things are “witchcraft” vs “pagan.” It’s obvious that there are a lot of people who are confused as to the differences, and I feel that I have some sense of understanding of how this happened. It’s a complicated and lengthy topic with lots of history, background, subtopics, and more than a little bit of ranting about why so many terms became confused with each other, but I’ll do my best to explain it as succinctly as I can.

Let’s start by getting into the definitions and descriptions of these terms.

Witchcraft is types of magic practiced by witches. There are many, many different traditions and practices of witchcraft out there both in the modern day and historically. Pagan is both an adjective and a noun that very broadly describes (often too broadly imho) various spiritual practices which are either are, and/or inspired by, pre-Christian practices. You don’t have to be pagan in order to be a witch–or to practice magic in general. In fact, a lot of witches are either not pagan at all or don’t use the label for themselves. I’m personally one. I will default to it if I have to in order to be understood in certain circles, but it’s not a label I feel accurately describes me. I prefer to describe myself as either a polytheist or a polytheistic witch instead.

Now, about that label of “witchcraft”. Witches aren’t restricted from certain religions or beliefs, or a lack thereof. Witches can be Christian, Jewish, Muslim, and/or atheist. To be a witch, you practice witchcraft. It’s a label best described as DOING vs belief… click here to read the rest of this article

February 27 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1693 1st women’s magazine “Ladies’ Mercury” published in London, England

1900 In London, the Trades Union Congress and the Independent Labour Party (formed in 1893) meet, results in a Labour Representative Committee and eventually the modern Labour Party in 1906

1933 Nazi Germany’s parliament building “The Reichstag” is destroyed by fire; possibly set by the Nazis, who blame and execute Dutch Communist Marinus van der Lubbe

1940 Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discover carbon-14 (radiocarbon dating) at the University of California Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley, California

1950 General Chiang Kai-shek elected president of Nationalist China

1957 Mao’s famous speech to the Supreme State Conference “On Correct Handling of Contradictions Among People” expounding Maoist ideals

2012 Wikileaks begins disclosing 5 million emails from private intelligence company Stratfor

Today’s Historical Events

837 15th recorded perihelion passage of Halley’s Comet

1526 Saxony and Hesse form League of Gotha (league of Protestant princes)

1531 Evangelical German towns form Schmalkaldische Union

1557 1st Russian Embassy arrives in London

1594 Henry IV crowned King of France

1626 Yuan Chonghuan is appointed Governor of Liaodong, after he led the Chinese into a great victory against the Manchurians under Nurhaci

1665 Battle at Elmina, Gold Coast: Vice-admiral De Ruyter beats English

1667 Abraham Crijnssen conquers Fort Willoughby (Zeelandia), Suriname

Today’s Historical Events in Flim and TV

1935 7th Academy Awards: “It Happened One Night”, Clark Gable, and Claudette Colbert win

1941 13th Academy Awards: “Rebecca”, James Stewart & Ginger Rogers win

1957 Premiere of only prime-time network TV show beginning with an “X”: “Xavier Cugat Show” on NBC (until X-Files)

1964 Erwin Drake’s musical “What Makes Sammy Run?”, starring Steve Lawrence, Robert Alda, and Sally Ann Howes, opens at 54th St Theater, NYC; runs for 540 performances

1965 Hugh Martin and Timothy Gray’s musical “High Spirits”, based on Noel Coward’s “Blithe Spirit”, closes at Alvin Theater, NYC, after 375 performances

1968 CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite delivers a scathing editorial on America’s chances of winning the Vietnam War

1986 The United States Senate allows its debates to be televised on a trial basis

1996 American film production company “Happy Madison Productions” is founded by Adam Sandler

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1563 British composer William Byrd is appointed organist at Lincoln Cathedral, Lincoln, England

1814 Ludwig van Beethoven‘s Symphony No. 8 in F major premieres in Vienna

1854 German composer Robert Schumann saved from suicide attempt in Rhine River

1977 Rolling Stones’ guitarist Keith Richards gets suspended sentence for heroin possession in Canada

1977 Swedish pop group ABBA arrives in Australia for the first time, sparking “ABBA-mania”

1980 22nd Grammy Awards: Song of the Year – Kenny Loggins’ “What A Fool Believes”; Best Album – Billy Joel‘s “52nd Street”

1981 Paul McCartney and Stevie Wonder record the single “Ebony & Ivory”

1990 “Hold On” single released by Wilson Phillips (Billboard Song of the Year 1990)

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1850 12th Grand National: Chris Green wins aboard Irish outsider Abd-El-Kader; goes on to become first dual winner and first to win in consecutive years

1856 18th Grand National: George Stevens wins aboard 25/1 Freetrader; first of Stevens’ record 5 GN victories

1874 Baseball 1st played in England at Lord’s Cricket Ground

1921 US Female Figure Skating championship won by Theresa Weld Blanchard; US male Figure Skating championship won by Sherwin Badger

1925 Test Cricket debut of Clarrie Grimmett, who took 5-45 & 6-37 v England

1936 Dutch swimmer Willy den Ouden sets new women’s world 100m freestyle record (1:04.6) in Amsterdam; lasts 22 years until broken in 1956 by Dawn Fraser of Australia

1937 Australian cricketer Don Bradman scores 169 in 5th Test match v England in 223 minutes, ensuring Australia wins the Ashes 3-2

1959 Boston Celtic Bob Cousy sets NBA record with 28 assists Boston Celtics score 173 points against Minneapolis Lakers

February 26 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1616 Roman Inquisition delivers injunction to Galileo demanding he abandon his belief in heliocentrism, which states the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun

1797 Bank of England issues first £1 note

1815 Napoleon Bonaparte and his supporters leave Elba to start a 100 day re-conquest of France

1885 Berlin Conference gives Congo to Belgium and Nigeria to Great Britain

1935 RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) first demonstrated by Robert Watson-Watt

1991 Coalition planes bomb Iraqi forces retreating from Kuwait during the Gulf War, killing hundreds and creating the so-called ‘Highway of Death‘

2005 Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt, orders the constitution changed to allow multi-candidate presidential elections, asking Egyptian parliament to amend Article 76

Today’s Historical Events

747 BC Epoch (origin) of Ptolemy’s Nabonassar Era

364 Valentinian I is proclaimed Roman Emperor

1266 Battle of Benevento fought in Southern Italy between Manfred of Sicily and army of Charles of Anjou

1401 English Catholic priest William Sawtrey convicted of heresy and later becomes 1st Lollard martyr to be publicly burnt at the stake

1534 Pope Paul II affirms George van Egmond as bishop of Utrecht

1548 Ottoman fleet under Piri Reis retakes the port of Aden (modern Yemen) from the Portuguese

1590 Mauritius of Nassaus sails to Breda

1597 Cornelis de Houtman‘s Dutch fleet departs Bali and sets sail for the Netherlands

Today’s Historical Events in Flim and TV

1916 Mutual signs Charlie Chaplin to a film contract

1920 German silent horror film classic “The Cabinet of Dr Caligari” starring Werner Krauss is released

1947 4th Golden Globes: “The Best Years of Our Lives”, Gregory Peck, & Rosalind Russell win

1953 10th Golden Globes: “The Greatest Show on Earth”, Gary Cooper, & Shirley Booth win

1955 Leigh, Charlap, Styne, Comden and Green’s musical “Peter Pan”, starring Mary Martin and Cyril Ritchard, closes at Winter Garden Theater, NYC, after 152 performances

1960 Vera Miles stars in”Mirror Image” episode of CBS anthology series “The Twilight Zone”

1966 KBIM TV channel 10 in Roswell, NM (CBS) begins broadcasting

1975 1st televised kidney transplant (Today Show)

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1869 Franz Schubert‘s Symphony number 4, “The Tragic”, premieres

1917 1st jazz records recorded – “Dixie Jazz Band One Step” and “Livery Stable Blues” by Original Dixieland Jass Band for the Victor Talking Machine Company

1930 Play “Green Pastures” opens at Mansfield Theater

1950 Jerome Robbin’s ballet choreographed to Leonard Bernstein‘s “Age of Anxiety” premieres at the New York City Center Theater

1970 Carole Bayer (Sager) and George Fischoff’s musical “Georgy” opens at Winter Garden Theater, NYC; runs for 4 performances

1970 The Beatles release “Hey Jude” compilation album in US (originally to be titled “Beatles Again”)

1973 8th Academy of Country Music Awards: Merle Haggard and Donna Fargo win

1975 “Night… Made America Famous” opens at Barrymore, NYC; runs for 75 performances

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1839 1st Grand National steeplechase, Aintree Racecourse, Liverpool: Jem Mason wins aboard 5/1 favourite Lottery

1851 13th Grand National: Terry Abbott wins aboard Irish stallion Abd-El-Kader at 7/1; first dual winner and first to win back-to-back

1859 Paul Morphy‘s chess match vs Augustus Mongredien begins; Morphy wins

1887 George Lohmann took 1st 8-wkt haul in test cricket, 8-35 at Sydney Cricket Ground

1918 Stands at Hong Kong Jockey Club collapse & burn, killing 604

1930 West Indies make 1st Test Cricket win, by 289 runs over England

1935 NY Yankees release Babe Ruth, he signs with Boston Braves

1938 Rie Van Veen swims world record 200m free style (2:24.6)

Good Morning WOTC! Wishing You and Yours A Very Blessed and Joyous Day! c. 2017

 

The Cauldron Chant

We form the Circle,
The Circle most round.
We form the Chalice,
The Chalice now found.

We call the Goddess,
to meet the great need.
We call the God,
To plant His fertile seed.

We call the quarters,
which we call four.
We summon the powers,
that contain the force.

We stir the Cauldron,
from which we were born.
We call the Gods,
from whom we were torn.

We say the words,
which lead us round.
We pass the kiss,
with our lovers found.

We face our dreams,
in nights psychic flight.
We face our hopes,
in bright moon of the night.

We face our fears,
on the Dark Lords Horn.
We face our failure,
in the Mothers new planted corn.

We live our lives,
druming and dancing on the meadow.
We confront our Death,
in the dancing moon light shadow.

Our paths run quickly,
on fleet foot and wing.
Our Circle is joyous,
with our Queens and our Kings.

Let our little Circle be happy,
with Bell, Bowl or Bow.
And form now this Circle,
with gracious Love, Joy and Hope.

 

—Ammond ShadowCraft, Author

Originally published on Pagan Library

 

A Pagan Saturday c. 2016

gothic fantasy

A Pagan Saturday

Saturday is the day of the week between Friday and Sunday. It is the either the sixth or seventh day of the week as discussed below. Jews and many Christians believe that God established the 7-day weekly cycle at Creation as related in the Book of Genesis chapters 1 and 2.

Origins of the name
It was named no later than the second century for the planet (Saturn), which controlled the first hour of that day according to Vettius Valens. The planet was named for the Roman god of agriculture Saturn. It has been called dies Saturni (“Saturn’s Day”), through which from it entered into Old English as Sæternesdæg and gradually evolved into the word “Saturday”.

Saturday is the only day of the week in which the English name comes from Roman mythology. The English names of all of the other days of the week come from Germanic mythology. In India, Saturday is Shanivar, based on Shani, the Vedic God manifested in the planet Saturn. In the Thai solar calendar of Thailand, the day is named from the Pali word for Saturn, and the color associated with Saturday is purple. The Celtic languages also name this day for Saturn: Irish an Satharn or dia Sathuirn, Scottish Gaelic Disathairne, Welsh dydd Sadwrn, Breton disadorn.

In Jewish tradition Saturday is the Shabbat. Christianity adopted this tradition in terms of the Sabbath. Thus, in many languages the Saturday is named after the Sabbath. Eastern Orthodox churches distinguish between the Sabbath (Saturday) and the Lord’s Day (Sunday). Roman Catholics put so little emphasis on that distinction that many among them follow – at least in colloquial language – the Protestant practice of calling Sunday the sabbath (see Sabbath in Christianity). Quakers traditionally refer to Saturday as “Seventh Day” eschewing the “pagan” origin of the name. In Islamic countries, Fridays are holidays, however they are considered as the sixth day of the week.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church Saturdays are days on which the Theotokos (Mother of God) and All Saints are commemorated, The day is also a general day of prayer for the dead, because it was on a Saturday that Jesus lay dead in the tomb. The Octoechos contains hyms on these themes, arranged in an eight-week cycle, that are chanted on Saturdays throughout the year. At the end of services on Saturday, the dismissal begins with the words: “May Christ our True God, through the intercessions of his most-pure Mother, of the holy, glorious and right victorious Martyrs, of our reverend and God-bearing Fathers…”. For the Orthodox, Saturday is never a strict fast day. When a Saturday falls during one of the fasting seasons (Great Lent, Nativity Fast, Apostles’ Fast, Dormition Fast) the fasting rules are always lessened to an extent. The Great Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross and the Beheading of St. John the Baptist are normally observed as strict fast days, but if they fall on a Saturday or Sunday, the fast is lessened.

In Scandinavian countries, Saturday is called Lördag or Löverdag etc., the name being derived from the old word laugr (hence Icelandic name Laugardagur), meaning bath, thus Lördag equates to bath-day. This is due to the Viking usage of bathing on Saturdays.

Today, Saturday is officially called Samstag in all German-speaking countries, however, there are two names for this day in modern Standard German. Samstag is always used in Austria, Liechtenstein, the German speaking part of Switzerland and generally used in southern and western Germany. It derives from Old High German sambaztac, which itself derives from Greek Σάββατο, and this Greek word derives from Hebrew שבת (Shabbat). However, the current German word for sabbath is Sabbat. The second name for Saturday in German is Sonnabend, which derives from Old High German sunnunaband, and is closely related to the Old English word sunnanæfen. It means literally “Sun eve”, i.e. “The day before Sunday”. Sonnabend is generally used in northern and eastern Germany, and was also the official name for Saturday in East Germany. In the Westphalian dialects of Low Saxon, in East Frisian Low Saxon and in the Saterland Frisian language, Saturday is called Satertag, also akin to Dutch Zaterdag, which has the same linguistic roots as the English word Saturday.

Similarly, the Romance languages follow the Greek usage, so that their word for “Saturday” is also a variation on “Sabbath”: the Italian is sabato, the French is samedi, the Spanish and Portuguese is sábado and the Romanian is sâmbătă.

The modern Maori name for it, Rahoroi, means “washing-day”. For other languages, see Days of the week Planetary table.

Position in the week
The three Abrahamic religions, via their original languages, regard Saturday as the seventh day of the week (Judaism via Hebrew, Christianity via Ecclesiastical Latin, and Islam via Arabic) by naming Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday as the second through fifth days of the week. This is concordant with the European Pagan tradition, which named the days of the week after the seven Classical planets (in order Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn), naming the first day of the week for the Sun, perceived as most important, and moving to those perceived as lesser.

The Slavic languages of Eastern Europe regard Saturday as the sixth day of the week by naming Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday as the second, fourth, and fifth days of the week, although their name for Wednesday, middle, would imply that Saturday is the seventh day of the week.

Beginning in the twentieth century, many Europeans have considered Saturday the sixth (penultimate) day of the week, and Sunday the last[citation needed]. This current European labour-oriented convention has been formalized by ISO 8601 which is used by businesses such as airlines in drawing up timetables, etc

Source

The Pagan Calendar

 

Crystal, Gems, and Stones Meanings and Magickal Usage for Saturday

From mycrystalaura.com.au

Crystals:

Jade

Lapis Lazuli 

Rose Quartz

Coral

Emerald 

Malachite

February 25th Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1570 Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England for heresy and persecution of English Catholics during her reign. Also absolves her subjects from allegiance to the crown.

1862 First Legal Tender Act 1862 is passed by the US Congress, authorizing the United States note (greenback) into circulation, the first fiat paper money that was legal tender in America

1910 Dalai Lama flees Tibet for British India to escape Chinese troops

Today’s Historical Events

138 The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor

1095 Council of Rockingham: bishop Anselmus vs King William II Rufus

1358 Dalmatie flees Venice

1502 Austrian emperor Maximilian I reformats government machine

1570 Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England for heresy and persecution of English Catholics during her reign. Also absolves her subjects from allegiance to the crown.

1601 Robert Devereux, English 2nd Earl of Essex, executed for treason against the Crown of England

1605 Portuguese garrison on Ambon surrenders to Admiral Van der Haghen

1623 Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes monarch of Palts

Today’s Historical Events in Flim and TV

1901 George M. Cohan‘s 1st Broadway musical “The Governor’s Son”opens at the Savoy Theatre, NYC; runs for 32 performances

1940 1st televised (W2XBS, NYC) hockey game (Rangers vs Canadians)

1950 “Your Show of Shows” with Sid Caesar & Imogene Coca premieres on NBC. Writers include Mel Brooks, Neil Simon and Woody Allen.

1980 British political comedy “Yes Minister” written by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn, starring Paul Eddington, Nigel Hawthorne and Derek Fowlds premieres on BBC Two

1986 28th Grammy Awards: “We Are the World”, Sade, Phil Collins win

1990 On a BBC taped interview, rock star Stevie Nicks breaks down, saying that she will never have children & no man can stand her for long

1991 Bruce McNall, Wayne Gretzky and John Candy buy CFL’s Toronto Argonauts

1995 Singer Frank Sinatra performs for final time before a live audience of 1200 select guests at the Palm Desert Marriott Ballroom, in Palm Desert, California, on the closing night of his charity golf tournament

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1904 J M Synge’s “Riders to the Sea” opens at Irish National Theater Society

1911 Victor Herbert’s opera “Natoma” premieres at Metropolitan Opera House, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

1944 Alexander Gretchaninov‘s “Missa Oecumenica” (Ecumenical Mass) premieres in Boston with Serge Koussevitzky conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra; the composer wrote the work in memory of the conductor’s wife Natalie (1880-1942)

1951 “Michael Todd’s Peep Show” closes at Winter Garden, NYC, after 278 performances

1953 Leonard Bernstein, Betty Comden and Adolph Green‘s musical “Wonderful Town”, starring Rosalind Russell, opens at Winter Garden Theater, NYC; runs for 559 performances, wins 5 Tony Awards

1957 Buddy Holly and the Crickets record their smash hit “That’ll Be the Day” in Clovis, New Mexico

1960 John Cage’s “Music for Amplified Toy Pianos” premieres

1963 Beatles release their 1st US single – “Please Please Me”

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1904 Stanley Cup: Ottawa Silver 7 sweep Toronto Marlboroughs in 2 games

1924 Marie Boyd scores 156 points in Maryland HS basketball game (163-3)

1925 US Men’s Figure Skating championship won by Nathaniel Niles

1930 Brilliant West Indian cricket batsman George Headley completes twin tons (114 & 112) in 3rd Test win against England at Georgetown, British Guiana

1933 Major NFL rule changes (hash mark 10 yds in, posts on goal line)

1933 New York industrialist Thomas Yawkey purchases Boston Red Sox for $1.25 million

1941 Boston Bruins set NHL record of 23-game unbeaten streak (15-0-8)

1952 VI Winter Olympic Games close at Oslo, Norway

Goddess of the Day – Fortuna

Fortuna

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fortuna (equivalent to the Greek goddess Tyche) was the goddess of fortune and personification of luck in Roman religion. She might bring good luck or bad: she could be represented as veiled and blind, as in modern depictions of Justice, and came to represent life’s capriciousness. She was also a goddess of fate: as Atrox Fortuna, she claimed the young lives of the princeps Augustus’ grandsons Gaius and Lucius, prospective heirs to the Empire.

Her father was said to be Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful (Copia). As Annonaria she protected grain supplies. June 11 was sacred to her: on June 24 she was given cult at the festival of Fors Fortuna.

Witchcraft Symbols, Terms and Definitions

Wicca

noun

Wic·​ca ˈwi-kə 
: a religion influenced by pre-Christian beliefs and practices of western Europe that affirms the existence of supernatural power (such as magic) and of both male and female deities who inhere in nature and that emphasizes ritual observance of seasonal and life cycles
Wiccan

ˈwi-kən 

adjective or noun

Word History

Etymology

probably from Old English wicca wizard — more at WITCH

First Known Use

1959, in the meaning defined above

Time Traveler

The first known use of Wicca was in 1959

February 24th Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1525 Battle of Pavia: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V‘s troops beat the French. French King Francois I captured, 15,000 killed or wounded

1582 Pope Gregory XIII announces New Style (Gregorian) calendar

1739 Battle of Karnal: Army of Iranian ruler Nadir Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah

1821 Agustín de Iturbide and Vicente Guerrero agree to the Plan of Iguala, stating that Mexico will become a constitutional monarchy, Roman Catholicism the official religion and that Peninsulares and Creoles will enjoy equal political and social rights

1868 US House of Representatives vote 126 to 47 to impeach President Andrew Johnson

1946 General Juan Perón first elected President of Argentina

2008 Fidel Castro retires as the President of Cuba due to ill health after nearly fifty years

2022 Russian leader Vladimir Putin announces the start of a “special military operation” in Ukraine to “demilitarize” the country moments before Russia launches a full-scale pre-dawn invasion by land, air and sea, with bombings in several cities amid international condemnation [1] [2]

Today’s Historical Events

1152 English cleric and writer Geoffrey of Monmouth consecrated as Bishop of St Asaph at Lambeth

1208 St Francis of Assisi, 26, received his vocation in Portiuncula Italy

1296 Pope Boniface VIII decree Clericis Iaicos

1387 King Charles III of Naples and Hungary is assassinated at Buda

1389 Battle at Falköping: Danes defeat King Albert of Sweden

1496 England’s Henry VII ends commercial dispute with Flanders

1510 Pope Julius II excommunicates the republic of Venice

1525 Battle of Pavia: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V‘s troops beat the French. French King Francois I captured, 15,000 killed or wounded

Today’s Historical Events in Flim and TV

1955 12th Golden Globes: “On The Waterfront”, Marlon Brando, & Judy Garland win

1969 “The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie” film based on novel by Muriel Spark directed by Ronald Neame, starring Maggie Smith (Academy Award Best Actress) premieres in London

1969 26th Golden Globes: “The Lion in Winter”, Peter O’Toole, & Joanne Woodward win

1970 KVDO TV channel 3 in Salem, OR (IND) begins broadcasting

1980 Revival of Brian Clark’s stage drama “Whose Life is it Anyway?” starring Mary Tyler Moore and James Naughton, and directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg, opens at the Royale Theatre, NYC; runs for 96 performances

1987 American radio and television personality Larry King suffers a heart attack

1989 Stalker Margaret Ray found in David Letterman‘s home, claims to be his wife

1999 41st Grammy Awards: “My Heart Will Go On (Love Theme From Titanic)” and Lauryn Hill win

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1607 Claudio Monteverdi’s opera “L’Orfeo” premieres in Mantua, oldest opera still regularly performed

1711 George Frideric Handel‘s opera “Rinaldo” premieres at Haymarket theatre in London

1939 Roy Harris‘ 3rd Symphony premieres in Boston

1951 “Bless You All” closes at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC after 84 performances

1955 Cole Porter‘s final Broadway musical “Silk Stockings”, loosely based on the Melchior Lengyel’s “Ninotchka”, opens at the Imperial Theatre, NYC; runs for 478 performances

1956 Walter Piston‘s 5th Symphony, commissioned by the Juilliard School of Music for their 50th anniversary, premiere performance by the Juilliard Orchestra, conducted by Jean Morel

1962 “New Faces of ’62” closes at Alvin Theater NYC after 28 performances

1962 “Sail Away” closes at Broadhurst Theater NYC after 167 performances

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1917 Red Sox sell Smokey Joe Wood, his arm dead at 26, to Cleveland for $15,000

1932 Malcolm Campbell sets world land speed record speed of 253.96 mph driving his famous Blue Bird car at Daytona Beach, Florida

1952 Canada wins 6th Olympic ice hockey title courtesy of a final round 3-3 tie with the US at the Oslo Winter Games; Canadian center Billy Gibson top scores with 19 points

1952 Norway goes 1-2 in the men’s ski jumping event at the Oslo Winter Olympics with Arnfinn Bergmann winning gold ahead of teammate Torbjørn Falkanger

1960 Austria goes 1-2 in the men’s slalom at the Squaw Valley Winter Olympics; Ernst Hintersteer wins gold ahead of teammate Hias Leitner

1963 5th Daytona 500: Tiny Lund driving for Wood Bros Racing, wins on 4 pit stops as first 10 laps run under caution flag because of rain

1968 Gary Unger begins NHL consecutive game record of 914 games

1974 Dutch speed skater Atje Keulen-Deelstra becomes Women’s Allround World Champion at Heerenveen, Netherlands, her third consecutive title and fourth in 5 years

Goddess of the Day – Bast

 

Bast

In Egyptian mythology, Bast (also spelled Ubasti, Baset, and later Bastet) is an ancient solar and war goddess, worshipped at least since the Second Dynasty. In the late dynasties, the priests of Amun began to call her Bastet, a repetitive and diminutive form after her role in the pantheon became diminished as Sekhmet, a similar lioness war deity, became more dominant in the unified culture of Lower and Upper Egypt. In the Middle Kingdom, the cat appeared as Bastet’s sacred animal and after the New Kingdom she was depicted with a woman with a cat’s head carrying a sacred rattle and a box or basket.

Bast or Bastet was the cat goddess and local deity of the town of Bubastis or Per-Bast in Egyptian, where her cult was centered. Bubastis was named after her. Originally she was viewed as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt, and consequently depicted as a fierce lioness. Indeed, her name means (female) devourer. As protector, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, and consequently of the later chief male deity, Ra, who was a solar deity also, gaining her the titles Lady of Flame and Eye of Ra.

The goddess Bast was sometimes depicted holding a ceremonial sistrum in one hand and an aegis in the other – the aegis usually resembling a collar or gorget embellished with a lioness head.

Bast was a goddess of the sun throughout most of Ancient Egyptian history, but later when she was changed into a cat goddess rather than a lion, she was changed to a goddess of the moon by Greeks occupying Ancient Egypt toward the end of its civilization. In Greek mythology, Bast is also known as Aelurus.

History and Connection to Other HodsDue to the threat to the food supply that could be caused by simple vermin such as mice and rats, and their ability to fight and kill snakes, especially cobras, cats in Egypt were revered highly, sometimes being given golden jewellery to wear and were allowed to eat from the same plates as their owners. Consequently, later as the main cat (rather than lioness) deity, Bastet was strongly revered as the patron of cats, and thus it was in the temple at Per-Bast that cats were buried and mummified.

When the owner died they would put the owner next to the mummified cat. More than 300,000 mummified cats were discovered when Bast’s temple at Per-Bast was excavated. Herodotus writes that when a cat in the family dies, Egyptians shaved their eyebrows and took the body to Bubastis to be embalmed.

As a cat or lioness war goddess, and protector of the lands, when, during the New Kingdom, the fierce lion god Maahes of Nubia became part of Egyptian mythology, she was identified, in the Lower Kingdom, as his mother. This paralleled the identification of the fierce lioness war goddess Sekhmet, as his mother in the Upper Kingdom.

As divine mother, and more especially as protector, for Lower Egypt, she became strongly associated with Wadjet, the patron goddess of Lower Egypt, eventually becoming Wadjet-Bast, paralleling the similar pair of patron (Nekhbet) and lioness protector (Sekhmet) for Upper Egypt. Bastet was the daughter of Amun Ra.

Later PerceptionLater scribes sometimes renamed her Bastet, a variation on Bast consisting of an additional feminine suffix to the one already present, thought to have been added to emphasize pronunciation; but perhaps it is a diminutive name applied as she receded in the ascendancy of Sekhmet in the Egyptian pantheon. Since Bastet literally meant, (female) of the ointment jar, Bast gradually became regarded as the goddess of perfumes, earning the title perfumed protector. In connection with this, when Anubis became the god of embalming, Bast, as goddess of ointment, came to be regarded as his wife. The association of Bastet as mother of Anubis, was broken years later when Anubis became Nephthys’ son.

Egypt’s loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt led to a decrease in her ferocity. Thus, by the Middle Kingdom she came to be regarded as a domestic cat rather than a lioness. Occasionally, however, she was depicted holding a lioness mask, hinting at potential ferocity. Because domestic cats tend to be tender and protective of their offspring, Bast was also regarded as a good mother, and she was sometimes depicted with numerous kittens. Consequently, a woman who wanted children sometimes wore an amulet showing the goddess with kittens, the number of which indicated her own desired number of children.

Eventually, her position as patron and protector of Lower Egypt led to her being identified with the more substantial goddess Mut, whose cult had risen to power with that of Amun, and eventually being syncretized with her as Mut-Wadjet-Bast. Shortly after, Mut also absorbed the identities of the Sekhmet-Nekhbet pairing as well.

This merging of identities of similar goddesses has led to considerable confusion, leading to some attributing to Bastet the title Mistress of the Sistrum (more properly belonging to Hathor, who had become thought of as an aspect of the later emerging Isis, as had Mut), and the Greek idea of her as a lunar goddess (more properly an attribute of Mut) rather than the solar deity she was. Indeed, much of this confusion occurred with subsequent generations; the identities slowly merged among the Greeks during their occupation of Egypt, who sometimes named her Ailuros (Greek for cat), thinking of Bastet as a version of Artemis, their own moon goddess.Thus, to fit their own cosmology, to the Greeks Bastet is thought of as the sister of Horus, whom they identified as Apollo (Artemis’ brother), and consequently, the daughter of the later emerging deities, Isis and Ra.

The worship of the Goddess Bast continues today through Khemetic reconstructionalist religions, there are several ‘Bast Cults’ some of which may be found online and as such, technically, predates most Religions. In current day it is very common for Bast to be seen as a fertility goddess or even a goddess of lesbianism, despite the fact that research on her actual functions within the Egyptian pantheon is so very easy.

From Crystalinks.com

Witchcraft Symbols, Terms and Definitions

From thoughtcatalog.com

Pentagram

A pentagram (or pentacle) is a circled five-pointed star that most people associate with witchcraft or satanism. Far from being an evil symbol the pentagram represents protection, the self, or the spirit. The five points of the pentagram represent five basic elements: earth, air, fire, water and spirit.

Represents: the elements.

Used in rituals for: protection.

February 23rd Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

1455 Johannes Gutenberg prints his first Bible (estimated date)

1540 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado‘s expedition sets off from Mexico in search of the 7 cities of Cibola

1836 Alamo besieged for 13 days until March 6 by Mexican army under General Santa Anna; entire garrison eventually killed

1904 United States acquires control of the Panama Canal Zone for $10 million

1945 US Marines raise American flag on top of Mt. Suribachi, Iwo Jima. Pulitzer Prize winning photo of which by Joe Rosenthall later became iconic, inspiring the Marine Corps War Memorial sculpture

1954 1st mass inoculation against Polio with the Jonas Salk vaccine takes place at Arsenal Elementary School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

1998 Osama bin Laden publishes a fatwa declaring jihad against all Jews and Crusaders

Today’s Historical Events

1455 Johannes Gutenberg prints his first Bible (estimated date)

1540 Francisco Vázquez de Coronado‘s expedition sets off from Mexico in search of the 7 cities of Cibola

1574 France begins 5th “holy war” against Huguenots

1660 Charles XI becomes king of Sweden

1668 Fire in the Hofburg in Vienna, Emperor Leopold I rescued

1672 Joan Blaeus publishers destroyed by fire in Amsterdam

1689 Dutch prince William III proclaimed King of England

1778 Baron von Steuben joins Continental Army at Valley Forge

Today’s Historical Events in Flim and TV

1939 11th Academy Awards: “You Can’t Take It With You”, Spencer Tracy & Bette Davis wins

1939 Lou Thesz beats Everett Marshall in St Louis, to win the National Wrestling Association World Heavyweight C’ship for a 2nd time

1940 Walt Disney’s animated movie “Pinocchio” released

1950 7th Golden Globes: “All the King’s Men”, Broderick Crawford, and Olivia de Havilland win

1956 13th Golden Globes: “East of Eden”, Ernest Borgnine, & Anna Magnani win

1959 KVIE TV channel 6 in Sacramento-Stockton, CA (PBS) begins broadcasting

1964 The Beatles’ 3rd appearance on “The Ed Sullivan Show”, featuring 3 performances taped on February 9, prior to their debut

1969 Groundbreaking TV documentary series “Civilisation” presented by art historian Kenneth Clark premieres on BBC2 in the UK

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1792 Joseph Haydn’s 94th Symphony in G premieres

1957 “Mr Wonderful” closes at Broadway Theater NYC after 383 performances

1963 Luciano Pavarotti makes his debut at the Vienna State Opera in “La traviata”

1971 George Harrison is fined & his driving license is suspended for 1 year

1978 20th Grammy Awards: “Hotel California”; Fleetwood Mac; Debbie Boone win

1979 “Sarava” opens at Mark Hellinger Theater NYC for 140 performances

1979 George Harrison releases “George Harrison” album, featuring the single “Blow Away”

1981 People magazine features drug ordeal of Mackenzie & Papa John Phillips

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1874 Major Walter Clopton Winfield patents a game called “sphairistike” (lawn tennis)

1895 Jaap Eden skates world record 10km (17:56)

1906 Tommy Burns beats Marvin Hart in 20 for heavyweight boxing title

1934 Casey Stengel becomes manager of Brooklyn Dodgers

1938 Joe Louis retains his world heavyweight boxing title by knocking out Nathan Mann in round 3 at Madison Square Garden, New York; second defence by Louis

1939 Lou Thesz beats Everett Marshall in St Louis, to win the National Wrestling Association World Heavyweight C’ship for a 2nd time

1952 Following his Nordic combined gold medal in St. Moritz (1948), Heikki Hasu takes his 2nd Olympic gold as part of Finland’s 4 x 10k cross country relay team at the Olso Winter Games

1952 Lydia Wideman of Finland becomes first female Olympic cross-country skiing champion; wins inaugural 10k event in Olso; Finnish medal sweep with minors to Mirja Hietamies and Siiri Rantanen

Witchcraft Symbols, Terms and Definitions – Blessed Be A – Z for Children of All Ages

Click here to download a PDF of Blessed Be A-Z

A
Tall and straight as the ash tree grows
all the things that Athena knows
Smooth and sharp as an athame blade
All the color of an autumn glade

B
Fires at Beltane jumping high
Watch the bees buzzing by
A silver bell ringing bright
A besom sweep makes it right

C
Stir a cauldron round and round
Cast a circle on the ground
Catch a crystal in your hand
Light a candle if you canD
A raven dips and dives in the dark
Demeter makes things grow in the park
Dragon dozing in his lair
Dance with delight, do as you dare
Little Pagan Acorns

E
In the early east, an eagle flies
In an elder elm, her one egg lies
Energy comes from elements four
Embrace them all, open each door

F
Flight and a feather, often together
Fish and fin, go for a swim
Light a fire, flames grow higher
Find a fox, on nature walks
G
The God and Goddess are all around
From sky above to grass on the ground
Grab a goblet, give a toast
Visit a grave to honor the ghost
H
Horus hears as a hawk flies high
Hemlock hills are rolling by
Share some happiness with a hug
Sit on Hestia’s warm hearth rug
Little Pagan Acorns
I
Isis whispers in the night
Is there incense left to light?
Sprites and imps will skip around
Inner spirit can be found
J
Catch a firefly in a jelly jar
Jump for joy when you see that star
Enjoy a summer day in June
Join your hands under the moon
K
I like when Magick is in the air
When kids get kisses in their hair
Cats and kittens, on your knee
Together like a lock and key
L
Love at Litha lets flowers bloom
A little laughter lifts a room
Loki plays a silly joke
Light a lamp and blow the smoke
Little Pagan Acorns
M
The Morrigan smiles under May’s moon
Tomorrow sometimes comes too soon
Maiden, mother and then the crone
Making mischief all alone
N
Pine needles in the wood
Nearby nests sit snug and good
Notice knots, they hold in power
Midnight nears, that’s the hour
O
Osiris has two but Odin only one
Color eggs at Ostara, that’s always fun
Only in the Otherworld do goblins stroll
Don’t get confused, a goblin’s not a troll
P
Poseidon likes to play in the deep
A pile of puppies makes a cute heap
The pentacle protects sacred space
Pansies and petunias have a pretty face
Little Pagan Acorns
Q
Porcupine has quills, arrows in a quiver
Quite cold in winter, quick to shiver
Call the quarters, salute the Queen
Ask the question that is never seen
R
Relax when you are reading runes
A raven calls out raucous tunes
Write a ritual for Friday morn
That red rose may have a thorn
S
Basking in the solstice sun
Warming like a sticky bun
Smudging sage smells so sweet
Slithering snakes have no feet
T
Teas and tinctures, talismans galore
Thoth likes books more than Thor
Water trickles down the stream
Try some Tarot. What does it mean?
Little Pagan Acorns
U
Ugly umbrellas raised up high
Thunder rumbles in the sky
Venus on a unicorn
Out of bubbles, she was born
V
Nike votes for victory
Volcanoes and Pele over the sea
Valkyries to Valhalla fly
Vanilla for love, give it a try
W
Make a wish on a western wind
With a wand, wild women grinned
Witches, Wiccans, warlocks too
In the winter, owls ask who
X
A pixie relaxes in the wood
Jinxes and hexes are never good
With equinox, the days are split
With waxing moon, the sky is lit
Little Pagan Acorns
Y
Both holly and yew are right for Yule
You’ll find nymphs by yonder pool
Yarrow and tansy in a vase
Sitting on some yellow lace
Z
Zeus in a fez, do what he says
Zebras in zoos, time for a snooze
Wander the maze, the ancient ways
Need for some zen? Just say when

February 22, 2023 Today in History

Today’s Important Historical Events

303 1st official Roman edict for persecution of Christians issued by Emperor Diocletian at Nicomedia, ordering all churches to be closed and scriptures burnt

1632 Galileo‘s “Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems” is published

1774 British House of Lords rules authors do not have perpetual copyright

1797 The Last Invasion of Britain, launched by the French during the Revolutionary Wars, begins near Fishguard, Wales

1825 Russia & Britain establish Alaska-Canada boundary

1967 25,000 US and South Vietnamese troops launch Operation Junction City against the Viet Cong. Largest US airborne assault since WWII.

Today’s Historical Events

303 1st official Roman edict for persecution of Christians issued by Emperor Diocletian at Nicomedia, ordering all churches to be closed and scriptures burnt

896 Pope Formosus crowned Arnulf King of Carinthia and Holy Roman Emperor

1071 Battle of Cassel; Robert I the Frisian defeats Arnulf III/I

1281 Simon de Brion elected Pope Martinus IV

1288 Girolamo Masci elected Pope Nicolas IV

1300 Pope Boniface VIII issues papal bull (decree) instating a Jubilee Year, granting forgiveness of sins and debts for those who fulfill various conditions

1349 Jews are expelled from Zurich, Switzerland

1415 English King Henry V lays the foundation stone for Syon Abbey for nuns of the Bridgettine Order. Became one of the wealthiest abbeys in England.

Today’s Historical Events in Flim and TV

1858 Dion Boucicault‘s play “Jessie Brown” premieres in NYC

1934 “It Happened One Night” directed by Frank Capra and starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert opens at NY’s Radio City Music Hall (Academy Awards Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress and Screenplay 1935)

1935 “The Little Colonel” premieres starring Shirley Temple, Lionel Barrymore and Bill Robinson, featuring famous stair dance with Hollywood’s first interracial dance couple

1936 Sonja Henie of Norway follows up her Winter Olympics victory with an incredible 10th consecutive women’s World Championship figure skating gold medal in Paris, France

1951 4th British Film and Television Awards (BAFTAs): “All About Eve” Best Film

1958 15th Golden Globes: “The Bridge on the River Kwai“, Alec Guinness, & Joanne Woodward win

Today’s Historical Events in Music

1878 Peter Tchaikovsky‘s 4th Symphony in F premieres at a Russian Musical Society concert in Moscow [February 10 O.S.]

1941 Paul Creston’s 1st Symphony premieres

1941 Roy Harris‘ “Ballad of a Railroad Man” premieres

1943 Plane crash in the Tagus River, Lisbon, Portugal kills 23 with 15 survivors including singer Jane Froman

1950 Brockway & Weinstock publish “Men of Music” (rev ed)

1958 “Portotino” closes at Adelphi Theater NYC after 3 performances

1963 Beatles begin their own music publishing company (Northern Songs)

1964 Beatles arrive back in England after their 1st US visit

Today’s Historical Events in Sports

1860 Organized baseball played in San Francisco for 1st time between the Eagles and the Red Rovers

1888 “Father of American Golf” John Reid first demonstrates golf on a Yonkers cow pasture to friends

1892 Manitoba Rugby Football Union forms

1893 1st Iron Bowl: Auburn beats Alabama 32-22 in Birmingham

1927 ARC soccer team forms in Alphen on the Rhine

1933 Malcolm Campbell sets world land speed record speed of 272.46 mph driving his famous Blue Bird car at Daytona Beach, Florida

1936 Sonja Henie of Norway follows up her Winter Olympics victory with an incredible 10th consecutive women’s World Championship figure skating gold medal in Paris, France

1952 German husband and wife team Ria and Paul Falk win the mixed pairs gold medal at the Oslo Winter Olympics; defeat American siblings, Karol and Peter Kennedy

Folklore Fairy Queen: Goddesses and the Fairy Queen Archetype

When it comes to fairies, one of the most profound figures is the Fairy Queen. Numerous stories and myths have featured powerful queens ruling over their fairy courts from ancient times through the modern day.

Today we will explore the roles these mystical figures have played throughout history, myth, and fiction, and discuss what it takes to grow your own personal practice with the queens of the Otherworld.

Fairy Queens

Let’s start at the beginning: who is the fairy queen? And over whom exactly does she reign? The answer may not be so simple! The history of fairies and their mythology is as varied and magickal as the fairy queens themselves.

The fairy folk have been embedded in folklore and literature alike for many years. They come in all shapes, sizes, and forms, from the little pixies that inhabit gardens to the mischievous brownies that are said to lurk in households. Some believe they live among us, just out of sight of humanity, while others hold that they’re much more powerful than we can imagine.

Fairies In Folklore

Seelie & Unseelie

In Scottish folklore, it is known that the land is inhabited by Click here to read the rest of this article…

ELEMENTALS – THEY LIVE AMONG US

(Keep in mind this is one person’s viewpoint.)

The are four groups of nature spirits that are collectively referred to as the Elementals.  They are, in no specific order, the Sylphs, the Undines, the Gnomes, and the Salamanders.  Each of these groups corresponds with one of the four elements; air, fire, earth, and water.  They live among us, yet remain mostly unseen except by children (their young minds have not been corrupted yet) and skilled practitioners who have been trained to see them.

We can trace the roots of the naming to the Swiss physician, alchemist, theologian, and philosopher Paracelsus (ca. 1493–1541).  Paracelsus was an enigma during his life as he found common ground in the physical sciences, magic, theology, and humanity.  Rather than ignore one discipline for the sake of another, he viewed them all to be necessary and dependent on one another.  He was thought to be a prophet of sorts and a diviner, but that’s another story altogether.

Salamanders – Fire…

Gnomes – Earth…

Undines – Water…

Sylphs – Air…

Conclusion

There are many articles about elementals and each one seems to add a degree of spin.  Some are obviously intended to drive social and environmental justice messages.  Others are more focused on the ‘personality’ of each type.  At first I wanted to make this an all encompassing article about every detail I could find, but I didn’t.  I don’t want anyone’s opinion being my opinion.

Use this brief introduction to the Elementals as a starting point in your research.

Click here to read about each class of Elementals from thegypsythread.org